Four methods for kidney stone removal

Kidney stones are a common health issue that affects many people worldwide. These hard deposits made of minerals and salts can form inside your kidneys and cause severe pain and discomfort.

Fortunately, there are several methods available for kidney stone removal. In this article, we'll explore four of the most effective techniques that can help you say goodbye to kidney stones and find relief.

Understanding Kidney Stones

Before we discuss the removal methods, let's quickly understand kidney stones and why they occur. Kidney stones form when the urine volume decreases, or an excess of stone-forming substances is present.

Dehydration, certain diets, and family history are major risk factors. The stones can range in size and shape, with some as small as a grain of sand and others as large as a golf ball.

Symptoms of Kidney Stones

The symptoms of kidney stones may include:

• Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs
• Pain that radiates to the lower abdomen and groin
• Painful urination
• Pink, red, or brown urine
• Nausea and vomiting
• Persistent need to urinate

If you experience any of these symptoms, it's crucial to seek medical attention. Now, let's examine the methods available for kidney stone removal.

Kidney Stone Removal Techniques

Kidney stone removal can be achieved through various methods, each with its advantages and considerations. The choice of treatment typically depends on the size, location, and type of the kidney stone.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is a noninvasive procedure that uses shock waves to break kidney stones into smaller pieces that can be passed through the urinary tract. It is one of the most common treatments for kidney stones.

How ESWL Works

During ESWL, the patient lies on a table or in a water bath. High-energy shock waves are targeted at the kidney stones, breaking them into tiny pieces. The fragmented stone pieces then pass through the urinary tract over the next few weeks.

Considerations for ESWL

• ESWL is generally used for stones that are less than 2 cm in diameter.
• It may not be suitable for huge rocks or stones located in some regions of the kidney.
• Patients may experience discomfort or mild pain during and after the procedure.

Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy

Ureteroscopic lithotripsy is a minimally invasive technique that involves passing a small scope called a ureteroscope through the urethra and bladder into the ureter or kidney. Once the stone is located, it is broken into smaller pieces using a laser or other device.

How Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy Works

The surgeon inserts the ureteroscope into the urinary tract to locate the stone. A laser or pneumatic device then breaks the stone into small fragments, which are either removed with a basket-like device or left to pass naturally.

Considerations for Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy

• This method is effective for stones located in the ureter or kidney.
• It may require general anaesthesia.
• Recovery time is typically short, and patients can usually return to normal activities within a few days.

Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL)

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a surgical procedure used for larger kidney stones or stones that cannot be treated with ESWL or ureteroscopic lithotripsy. It involves making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to remove the stone.

How PCNL Works

Under general anaesthesia, the surgeon makes a small incision in the patient's back and inserts a nephroscope directly into the kidney. The stone is then either removed whole or broken into smaller pieces using a laser or pneumatic device.

Considerations for PCNL

• PCNL is typically reserved for larger stones or those that are resistant to other treatments.
• It has a higher success rate for removing large stones in one procedure.
• Recovery may take longer, and there is a greater risk of complications compared to less invasive methods.

Open Surgery

Open surgery for kidney stone removal is rare and typically reserved for huge stones or complicated cases. It involves a larger incision and direct removal of the stone from the kidney.

How Open Surgery Works

The surgeon makes an incision in the patient's side or abdomen to access the kidney. The stone is then located and removed, and the incision is closed with sutures.

Considerations for Open Surgery

• Open surgery is invasive and has a longer recovery time.
• It carries a higher risk of complications, such as infection or bleeding.
• It is rarely used due to the effectiveness of less invasive methods.

Food for Kidney Stone Removal

Diet plays a crucial role in preventing and managing kidney stones. Certain foods can help promote kidney health and facilitate the removal of stones.

Foods to Include

• Water: Increasing fluid intake, especially water, is essential to help prevent stones from forming and to flush them out of the system.
• Citrus fruits: Lemons, oranges, and grapefruits contain citrate, which can help prevent stone formation.
• Calcium-rich foods: Dairy products and leafy greens can help reduce the risk of forming new stones.

Foods to Avoid

• High-oxalate foods: Spinach, rhubarb, and nuts are high in oxalates, which can contribute to stone formation.
• High-sodium foods: Excessive salt intake can increase the risk of kidney stones.
• Animal proteins: Reducing the consumption of meats and other animal proteins may help prevent stone formation.

How to Remove Kidney Stones Naturally

In some cases, small kidney stones can be removed naturally through diet and lifestyle changes.

Home Remedies

• Drink plenty of fluids, especially water.
• Consume apple cider vinegar, which is believed to help dissolve kidney stones.
• Try herbal remedies such as dandelion root or pomegranate juice.

When to See a Doctor

While some home remedies may aid in the passage of small stones, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment recommendations.

Conclusion

Kidney stones can be painful and cause significant discomfort, but there are several effective methods for their removal. From noninvasive techniques like ESWL to surgical options like PCNL, the best approach depends on the stone's size, type, and location. Incorporating a healthy diet and staying hydrated can also help prevent kidney stones and aid their removal.

If you suspect you have kidney stones, seek medical advice to determine the most appropriate treatment. With the proper care, you can alleviate the pain of kidney stones and prevent future occurrences.