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Bone Marrow Transplantation Process and Types
A bone marrow transplant, often called a stem cell transplant is a medical treatment to replace injured or diseased bone marrow with healthy cells. This process involves transplanting blood stem cells, which generate new blood cells and promote new marrow growth. Bone marrow transplants are crucial for individuals whose marrow is not functioning correctly due to chronic infections, diseases, or cancer treatments.
Types of Bone Marrow Transplants
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Autologous Bone Marrow Transplant:
- Procedure: The patient's stem cells are collected and preserved before undergoing intensive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
- Uses: Effective for specific cancers like multiple myeloma and lymphoma.
- Benefits: Reduced risk of graft failure and graft-versus-host disease.
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Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplant:
- Procedure: Stem cells are obtained from a compatible donor, who can be a relative or an unrelated individual.
- Uses: Has a higher success rate in eradicating cancer cells.
- Risks: Potential for graft-versus-host disease.
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Haploidentical Bone Marrow Transplant:
- Procedure: Uses donors who are not fully matched with the recipient, often family members.
- Risks: Increased risk of graft-versus-host disease.
-
Cord Blood Transplant:
- Procedure: Uses stem cells from a newborn's umbilical cord blood.
- Benefits: A broader range of genetic compatibility is advantageous when a suitable bone marrow donor is unavailable.
- Challenges: Lower stem cell count and longer time for engraftment.
Who is a Candidate for a Bone Marrow Transplant?
Candidates include individuals with:
- Blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma, or myeloma.
- Conditions like sickle cell disease, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anaemia.
Suitability for a transplant is determined through a comprehensive assessment by a medical team, considering risks, benefits, and potential complications like infections, graft failure, and graft-versus-host disease.
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Get A Second OpinionRecovery After a Bone Marrow Transplant
Recovery can span from several months to a year, influenced by individual factors and the specific type of transplant. The initial months are critical for monitoring and managing any complications due to the compromised immune system.
Donating Bone Marrow
- Multiple Donations: Donors can donate bone marrow or blood stem cells multiple times, typically up to three donations.
- Importance: Essential for patients needing transplants, especially for blood cancers.
- Compatibility Challenges: Finding a match is challenging due to the intricate nature of human leukocyte antigens (HLA).
Family Members as Donors
- Potential Matches: Family members, especially siblings, are often the first approached for donation due to higher genetic compatibility.
- Screening: Family members are screened to determine suitability as donors.
- Unrelated Donors: If no family member is a match, unrelated donors or cord blood may be considered.
Bone Marrow Transplant Cost in India
The cost ranges from approximately INR 14.25 lakhs to 44 lakhs (USD 20,000 to USD 55,000), covering pre-transplant evaluations, the procedure itself, post-transplant care, and hospital stay.
Factors Affecting Cost:
- Type of transplant (autologous or allogeneic)
- Patient's medical condition and history
- Surgeon's experience
- Hospital and city of the procedure
- Pre- and post-treatment expenses
Key Points:
- Autologous transplants are usually less expensive than allogeneic transplants.
- Costs in India are significantly lower compared to countries like the US.
- Major cities like Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai have varying costs within the stated range.
- Additional expenses include diagnostic tests, immunosuppressant injections, and medications.
India remains a preferred destination for bone marrow transplants due to skilled doctors, modern infrastructure, short waiting times, and reasonable pricing compared to other countries.
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Book an AppointmentFrequently Asked Questions
Individuals who are candidates for a bone marrow transplant typically have certain blood cancers, such as leukemia, lymphoma, or myeloma, or other conditions, such as sickle cell disease, multiple myeloma, and aplastic anemia. Suitability is determined through a comprehensive assessment by a medical team, evaluating the risks, benefits, and potential complications of the transplant.
The main types of bone marrow transplants are:
Recovery from a bone marrow transplant typically takes several months to a year. The initial months are critical for monitoring and managing any potential complications due to the compromised immune system. Complete recovery varies based on individual factors and the type of transplant.
Yes, an individual can donate bone marrow or blood stem cells more than once, typically up to three times. Each donation is crucial for patients in need, particularly those with blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
Yes, family members can donate bone marrow to each other. Siblings are often the best matches due to higher genetic compatibility. However, if a suitable family donor is not found, unrelated donors or cord blood can be considered. The goal is to find a donor whose human leukocyte antigens (HLA) closely match those of the recipient to enhance the chances of a successful transplant.
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