Conversion Disorder

Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is a complex psychological condition that manifests as neurological symptoms without a clear medical cause. 

What is Conversion Disorder?

Conversion disorder is characterized by the presence of neurological symptoms that cannot be fully explained by medical or neurological conditions. According to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), it falls under the category of somatoform disorders. The symptoms often appear suddenly and can significantly impact an individual's daily functioning and quality of life.

Conversion Disorder Definition

Conversion disorder is defined as a condition where psychological stress is expressed as physical symptoms. The brain converts emotional and psychological distress into physical manifestations, hence the name "conversion disorder." This disorder often mimics neurological disorders, making diagnosis challenging.

Symptoms of Conversion Disorder

The symptoms of conversion disorder are varied and can affect motor or sensory functions. These symptoms are not consciously produced or controlled by the individual, distinguishing them from malingering or factitious disorders.

Common Symptoms

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Causes of Conversion Disorder

The exact cause of conversion disorder remains elusive. However, it is widely believed to result from a combination of psychological, social, and biological factors.

Psychological Factors

Stress, trauma, and unresolved psychological conflicts are significant contributors to conversion disorder. Individuals who have experienced significant life stressors or traumatic events may be more susceptible to developing this condition. The symptoms serve as a coping mechanism, allowing the individual to avoid or escape from the distressing situation.

Social and Cultural Factors

Cultural and social influences can also play a role in the manifestation of conversion disorder. In some cultures, expressing psychological distress through physical symptoms is more socially acceptable than discussing emotional issues. This cultural aspect can influence the prevalence and presentation of the disorder.

Biological Factors

While the primary causes are psychological and social, biological factors cannot be entirely ruled out. Some studies suggest that genetic predisposition and abnormalities in brain function may contribute to the development of conversion disorder.

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Types of Conversion Disorder

Conversion disorder can manifest in various forms, each presenting different symptoms and challenges.

Motor Symptoms

Motor symptoms are characterized by impairments in movement. This includes paralysis, abnormal gait, tremors, and dystonia. These symptoms can significantly impact an individual's mobility and independence.

Sensory Symptoms

Sensory symptoms involve disturbances in sensory perception. Individuals may experience numbness, blindness, or deafness without any underlying medical cause. These symptoms can be particularly disabling and distressing.

Seizures and Convulsions

Non-epileptic seizures or convulsions are a type of conversion disorder that mimics epileptic seizures. Unlike epileptic seizures, these episodes do not show abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

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Diagnosis and ICD-10 Classification

Diagnosing conversion disorder requires a thorough medical and psychological evaluation. The absence of a medical explanation for the symptoms is a key diagnostic criterion. The ICD-10 classifies conversion disorder under code F44, which includes dissociative and conversion disorders.

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnostic criteria for conversion disorder include:

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Treatment of Conversion Disorder

Treatment for conversion disorder is multifaceted, involving a combination of psychological, medical, and rehabilitative approaches.

Psychological Therapies

Medical Interventions

While there is no specific medication for conversion disorder, medications may be prescribed to manage associated symptoms such as anxiety or depression. Antidepressants and anti-anxiety medications can be beneficial in reducing overall symptom burden.

Rehabilitative Therapies