Corpus Luteum Cysts: Causes and Treatments

The corpus luteum is a temporary endocrine structure involved in ovulation and early pregnancy. After the release of an egg during the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms from the ruptured follicle. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum typically degenerates. However, if it fills with fluid or blood, it can form a cyst.

A follicle turns into the corpus luteum after an egg is released from the follicle during ovulation. It is responsible for the production of progesterone, the hormone that maintains the lining of the uterus during pregnancy. In the absence of pregnancy, the corpus luteum degenerates and progesterone levels fall, initiating menstruation.

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What is Corpus Luteum Cysts?

In some instances, the corpus luteum doesn’t dissolve as it’s supposed to, and encases itself in a cyst filled with fluid. Most of these cysts are benign and will resolve spontaneously within a few menstrual cycles. Some, however, can cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating or irregular periods.

Corpus Luteum vs. Ovarian Cysts

It is essential to differentiate between corpus luteum cysts and other types of ovarian cysts. Unlike pathological ovarian cysts, which may indicate underlying health issues, corpus luteum cysts are functional and generally resolve on their own. However, they can sometimes cause complications, particularly if they rupture or grow excessively.

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Types of Corpus Luteum Cysts

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Corpus Luteum Cyst Causes​

Hormonal Imbalances

Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle can lead to the formation of corpus luteum cysts. High levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) can cause the follicle to fill with fluid instead of breaking down, resulting in a cyst.

Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the corpus luteum plays a pivotal role in producing progesterone until the placenta takes over. In some cases, the corpus luteum persists and forms a cyst. While these cysts are usually benign, they require monitoring to prevent complications.

Medications

Certain fertility treatments and medications, such as clomiphene citrate, can increase the likelihood of developing corpus luteum cysts. These medications stimulate ovulation, which can lead to the formation of multiple cysts.

Normal Ovulation

The most common cause of corpus luteum cysts is normal ovulation. After the egg is released, the ruptured follicle may not dissolve as it should, leading to fluid accumulation.

Infections or Endometriosis

In some cases, infections or conditions like endometriosis may cause changes in ovarian function, leading to cyst formation.

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Corpus Luteum Cyst Symptoms

Asymptomatic Nature

Many corpus luteum cysts are asymptomatic and go unnoticed. They are often discovered incidentally during routine pelvic examinations or ultrasounds.

Pelvic Pain

Some women may experience mild to moderate pelvic pain, particularly on one side. This pain is usually due to the stretching of the ovarian capsule by the cyst.

Menstrual Irregularities

Corpus luteum cysts can cause changes in the menstrual cycle, including delayed or missed periods. These irregularities are typically temporary and resolve once the cyst disappears.

Complications

In rare cases, corpus luteum cysts can rupture or cause ovarian torsion, leading to severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. These complications require immediate medical attention.

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Corpus Luteum Cyst in Early Pregnancy

A corpus luteum cyst is a common occurrence during early pregnancy. It forms when the follicle that released the egg during ovulation doesn't dissolve as it normally would, but instead fills with fluid, forming a cyst. While these cysts are usually harmless and resolve on their own, they can sometimes cause discomfort or complications. Here's what you need to know about corpus luteum cysts in pregnancy.

Corpus Luteum Cyst Pregnancy Symptoms

Generally, a corpus luteum cyst does not present noticeable symptoms. But some women might have mild discomfort or pain in the pelvic region. If large, the cyst can press on nearby tissues, causing bloating, cramping or pressure in the lower body. These symptoms are usually mild and can be treated with over-the-counter pain freedom if necessary.

Corpus Luteum Cyst Symptoms in Early Pregnancy

The corpus luteum releases hormones like progestogen during the early stages of pregnancy to maintain the pregnancy. Women with a corpus luteum cyst might have the following symptoms:

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Diagnosis of Corpus Luteum Cysts

Pelvic Examination

A pelvic examination is often the first step in diagnosing a corpus luteum cyst. During the exam, the healthcare provider may palpate the ovaries to check for abnormalities.

Corpus Luteum Cyst Ultrasound

Transvaginal or abdominal ultrasounds are the most effective imaging techniques for diagnosing corpus luteum cysts. Ultrasound can reveal the size, location, and characteristics of the cyst, helping to differentiate it from other types of ovarian cysts.

Blood Tests

Blood tests may be conducted to rule out other conditions, such as ectopic pregnancy or ovarian cancer. Elevated levels of certain hormones or tumor markers can indicate the presence of a corpus luteum cyst.

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Corpus Luteum Cyst Treatment & Management

Watchful Waiting

In most cases, corpus luteum cysts resolve on their own within a few menstrual cycles. Watchful waiting involves regular monitoring through pelvic exams and ultrasounds to ensure the cyst is shrinking and not causing complications.

Pain Management

Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help alleviate mild to moderate pelvic pain associated with corpus luteum cysts. In cases of severe pain, prescription medications may be necessary.

Hormonal Therapy

Hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, can regulate the menstrual cycle and prevent the formation of new cysts. However, they do not eliminate existing cysts.

Surgical Intervention

Surgery is rarely required for corpus luteum cysts, but it may be necessary if the cyst is large, persistent, or causing significant symptoms. Laparoscopy or laparotomy can be performed to remove the cyst while preserving ovarian function.

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Corpus Luteum Cysts During Pregnancy

Monitoring and Management

During pregnancy, corpus luteum cysts are typically monitored through regular ultrasounds to ensure they are not causing complications. Most cysts resolve by the second trimester when the placenta takes over progesterone production.

Potential Complications

Although rare, complications such as cyst rupture or torsion can occur during pregnancy, leading to acute abdominal pain and requiring immediate medical attention. Surgical intervention may be necessary to address these complications.

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Corpus Luteum Cyst Complications

Most corpus luteum cysts disappear naturally without complications, but they can sometimes cause other health problems. Women experiencing this condition should recognize its potential complications.

Corpus Luteum Cyst Pain

One of the most common symptoms of a corpus luteum cyst — can occur, especially if the cyst is large, ruptured, or causes ovarian torsion. The pain ranges from mild to severe and is usually felt on one side of the lower abdomen. Women can feel sharp or dull aches, particularly during their period or while having sex.

Risk of Rupture and Bleeding

A rupture of a corpus luteum cyst can result in severe internal bleeding, with intense and sudden abdominal pain, nausea and dizziness. In extreme cases, this leads to shock and should be treated immediately and medically. Although this is rare, getting care is essential if the symptoms are worrisome.

Corpus Luteum Cyst and PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that can impact ovarian function and may be connected to the development of multiple cysts, including corpus luteum cysts. In cases of women with PCOS, the corpus luteum cyst may worsen these signs and exacerbate the risk of complications such as ovarian torsion or infertility.

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Preventing Corpus Luteum Cysts

Lifestyle Modifications

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including a balanced diet and regular exercise, can help regulate hormonal levels and reduce the risk of developing corpus luteum cysts.

Regular Monitoring

For women with a history of ovarian cysts or those undergoing fertility treatments, regular monitoring through pelvic exams and ultrasounds is essential for early detection and management of corpus luteum cysts.