Epididymitis
- Epididymitis refers to the swelling of the epididymis, a spiral tube positioned at the rear of the testicle. It can affect men of any age.
- Often, the inflammation is caused by a bacterial infection, particularly sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia.
- In certain instances, the inflammation might extend to the testicle itself, a state known as epididymal orchitis.
Types of Epididymitis
Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the tube that stores and carries sperm. There are different types of epididymitis, classified based on the underlying cause:
- Acute Epididymitis: This is the most common type, characterized by a sudden onset of pain and swelling in the testicle. It is typically caused by bacterial infections, particularly from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like chlamydia and gonorrhea, or urinary tract infections (UTIs).
- Chronic Epididymitis: Chronic epididymitis is a long-lasting inflammation that can develop after an acute infection or as a result of other factors like ongoing infection, trauma, or the use of certain medications. Symptoms may be less intense but persistent and can include mild to moderate pain and swelling.
- Tuberculous Epididymitis: This type occurs when tuberculosis (TB) bacteria infect the epididymis. It is rare and typically seen in individuals with active TB infection elsewhere in the body. This type often presents with chronic pain and swelling.
- Non-infectious Epididymitis: This type is not caused by an infection but can result from trauma, autoimmune conditions, or the use of certain medications. The inflammation occurs without the presence of bacteria or viruses.
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Get A Second OpinionSymptoms of Epididymitis
Epididymitis symptoms and signs include:
- A bulging, heated, or red scrotum.
- Testicular soreness and tenderness often affect one side and develop over time.
- Urination that hurts or that is required urgently or frequently.
- Discharge from the penis.
- Lower abdominal or pelvic pain or discomfort.
- A blemish on the sperm.
- Fever (less common).
Causes of Epididymitis
There are several causes of epididymitis, such as
- STIs : In young, sexually active men, chlamydia and gonorrhoea are the leading causes of epididymitis.
- STDs : Sexually transmitted infections are also responsible for causing Epididymitis.
- Other infections : The epididymis can become infected with bacteria from prostate or urinary tract infections. Furthermore, epididymitis can be triggered by viral infections such as mumps.
- Chemical epididymitis : This condition emerges when urine flows backwards into the epididymis, often due to heavy lifting or straining.
- Physical injury : Damage to the groin area can lead to epididymitis as well.
Complications of Epididymitis
Complications include:
- An abscess or infection in the scrotum filled with pus can occur.
- Occasionally, this may lead to reduced fertility.
- When the infection spreads from the epididymis to the testicles, the condition is referred to as epididymal orchitis.
Diagnosis of Epididymitis
To diagnose Epididymitis, your physician will examine you for signs of swelling in the testicles on the side that is affected and swelling in the lymph nodes in the groin area. Additionally, a rectal examination might be conducted by your physician to check for any enlargement of the prostate or discomfort.
Your doctor might recommend several tests, including:
- STI Test : A small swab will be inserted into the tip of your penis to collect discharge, which will then be analyzed in a lab for signs of chlamydia and gonorrhoea.
- Blood and Urine Analysis : Tests will be carried out on your blood and urine to identify any irregularities.
- Ultrasound : Your doctor may advise you to have an ultrasound to rule out testicular torsion. If the blood flow to your testicles is higher or lower than normal, it would indicate torsion. Ultrasound with colour Doppler can assist in diagnosing this.
Prevention of Epididymitis
Prevention of epididymitis involves several key practices to reduce the risk of infection and related complications:
- Practice Safe Sex: Use condoms consistently to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, which are common causes of epididymitis.
- Good Personal Hygiene: Maintain proper genital hygiene by washing the area regularly and thoroughly to avoid bacterial buildup.
- Urinary Health: Stay hydrated and urinate regularly to prevent urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can lead to epididymitis.
- Treatment of Prostate Issues: Individuals with a history of prostate problems (like prostatitis) should follow their healthcare provider’s recommendations for treatment as these conditions can increase the chance of epididymitis.
- Avoid Irritants: Avoid the use of irritants, such as harsh soaps or products that can cause inflammation or infection in the genital area.
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Book an AppointmentTreatment of Epididymitis
Treating epididymitis and epididymal-orchitis necessitates antibiotics. When a sexually transmitted infection is identified as the cause, your partner must undergo treatment as well. It's essential to finish the full course of antibiotics prescribed by your physician, even if you begin feeling better ahead of schedule.
You're likely to notice an improvement in your condition within 48 to 72 hours of starting antibiotic treatment. To alleviate discomfort, consider lying down, using a jockstrap for scrotal support, applying cold packs, or consuming analgesics.
Your healthcare provider will likely schedule a follow-up visit to verify the epididymitis infection has been fully cleared. Surgical intervention might be needed to drain an abscess if one forms. Additionally, if physical abnormalities are the root of the epididymitis, partially or fully removing the epididymis through surgery (epididymectomy) might become necessary.
Risk Factors for Epididymitis
- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): The most common cause of epididymitis in sexually active men, especially those younger than 35, is chlamydia and gonorrhoea.
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Men who have urinary tract infections, particularly those who have prostate problems or those who are uncircumcised, also face increased risk.
- Catheter Use or Recent Surgery: Men who have had a catheter inserted or undergone urological surgery are more likely to develop epididymitis due to bacterial introduction.
- Prostate or Urinary Tract Issues: An enlarged prostate, recurrent urinary tract infections or other urinary conditions may lead to epididymitis.
- Trauma or Injury:Epididymitis has been associated with physical trauma to the groin or testicles.
- Contraceptive Use (e.g., Spermicides): It’s suggested, from some studies, that the use of spermicides or other non-barrier contraception methods could play a role in some men being at greater risk
Frequently Asked Questions
Can epididymitis be cured?
How long does epididymitis pain last?
The duration of epididymitis pain varies among individuals. If diagnosed and treated promptly, the pain and discomfort can start improving within a few days to a week. However, complete relief may take a few weeks.
