Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Key Insights

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant health concern as it is the most common type of ovarian cancer, representing about 85-90% of all ovarian cancer cases. Understanding the nuances of this disease is crucial for early diagnosis and effective treatment.

---

What is Epithelial Ovarian Cancer?

Epithelial ovarian cancer originates in the layer of cells covering the ovaries, known as the epithelium. Unlike other forms of ovarian cancer, such as germ cell or stromal tumours, EOC is primarily marked by its subtle onset and the complexity of its symptoms, often leading to late-stage diagnosis.

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Causes

While the precise causes of epithelial ovarian cancer remain under investigation, several factors have been identified as potential contributors. Genetic mutations, particularly in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, significantly elevate the risk. Additionally, factors like age, reproductive history, and hormonal influences are also considered significant. The interplay of these elements underscores the complexity of pinpointing a singular cause.

---

Recognizing the Stages of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer is categorized into four primary stages, each delineating the extent of cancer spread. Understanding these stages is vital for determining the appropriate treatment approach.

Stage I

At this initial stage, cancer is confined to one or both ovaries. It is further sub-categorized based on whether the cancer cells are present on the outer surface or if the capsule of the ovary is intact.

Stage II

Here, cancer has extended to the pelvic region, affecting the fallopian tubes, uterus, or other pelvic tissues.

Stage III

Stage III indicates a more advanced spread, where cancer has reached the abdominal lining or lymph nodes. It is the most common stage at diagnosis due to the disease's subtle early symptoms.

Stage IV

This final stage is characterized by the spread of cancer beyond the abdomen to distant organs such as the liver or lungs.

---

Recognizing Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

Symptoms of epithelial ovarian cancer are often vague and easily mistaken for other conditions. Early detection remains challenging, but awareness of these symptoms can lead to timely medical consultation:

These symptoms tend to persist and worsen over time, distinguishing them from more benign conditions.

---

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis

Diagnosis of epithelial ovarian cancer involves several steps, beginning with a thorough medical history and physical examination. Given the disease's elusive nature, additional diagnostic tools are often employed:

Imaging Tests

Ultrasounds and CT scans are commonly used to visualize the ovaries and detect any abnormalities.

Blood Tests

The CA-125 blood test measures a protein often found at elevated levels in women with ovarian cancer, though it is not exclusively indicative of cancer.

Biopsy

A definitive diagnosis usually requires a biopsy, where tissue samples are examined for cancerous cells.

---

Exploring Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Treatment Options

Treatment plans for epithelial ovarian cancer are highly individualized, factoring in the stage of cancer, patient health, and personal preferences. The primary treatment modalities include:

Surgery

Surgical intervention is often the first line of treatment, aiming to remove as much of the tumour as possible. This may involve a hysterectomy, removal of the ovaries, and excision of affected lymph nodes.

Chemotherapy

Post-surgery chemotherapy is typically employed to target any remaining cancer cells. Intravenous or intraperitoneal chemotherapy is a common approach.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapies have emerged as a promising option. These therapies focus on specific genetic mutations within cancer cells. They aim to minimize damage to healthy cells while effectively combating cancerous ones.

Radiation Therapy

Though less common in treating ovarian cancer, radiation therapy may be utilized in some instances to manage symptoms or treat areas unresponsive to other treatments.

---

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors

Several risk factors have been associated with an increased likelihood of developing epithelial ovarian cancer:

Understanding these risk factors is essential for developing preventative strategies and encouraging proactive health monitoring.