AV Fistula: Procedure, Complication and Recovery
An arteriovenous (AV) fistula is a surgically created connection between an artery and a vein, typically in the arm, designed to provide reliable access for hemodialysis. Hemodialysis is a life-saving treatment for individuals with kidney failure, during which blood is cleansed by a machine (dialyzer) to remove waste and excess fluids.
AV Fistula For Dialysis – Types Of AV Fistula
An artificial vein fistula for hemodialysis is a connection made through surgery of an artery to a vein, providing surgical access for life-long hemodialysis. Here are the common types:
Radiocephalic Fistula (Wrist Fistula)
- Location: The wrist, between the radial artery and the cephalic vein.
- Features: Popular, sturdy, and fewer complications.
Brachiocephalic Fistula (Upper Arm Fistula)
- Location: Upper arm, between brachial artery and cephalic vein.
- Features: Results in an elevated blood flow for increased dialysis efficiency.
Fistula (Basilic Vein Transposition)
- Location: Upper arm joining the brachial artery to the basilic vein (pulled more superficially).
- Features: Ideal for patients who have weak wrist or arm veins.
Forearm Loop Fistula
- Location: Forearm using a loop shaped system of veins and arteries.
- Features: Used when vein access is scarce.
Artificial AV Fistula (Graft)
- Location: A synthetic graft joins the artery and vein.
- Features: Considered a good option for patients with weak or damaged veins.
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Get A Second OpinionAV Fistula Surgery Procedure Steps
- Preoperative Assessment: The surgeon assesses the patient’s veins and arteries using physical examination or imaging (e.g., Doppler ultrasound) to identify the best location for the fistula.
- Anesthesia: The area is numbed with local or regional anesthesia to prevent the patient from feeling discomfort during the procedure.
- Prepare the Surgical Site: To minimize the risk of infection, the arm or forearm is cleaned and sterilized. The surgeon identifies the vein and artery to connect.
- Incision: The chosen site is accessed through a small incision where the vein and artery are harvested.
- Connecting the Vein and Artery: The surgeon forms a bridge (anastomosis) between the vein and the artery, permitting high-pressure coronary blood to reach the vein, causing it to plump up and harden with time.
- Closing the Incision: Sutures are used to close the incision, and a sterile dressing is placed over the site.
- Post-Surgery Monitoring: Proper blood flow through the fistula will be monitored (a vibration [thrill] will be felt, and a sound [bruit] can be heard with a stethoscope).
- Recovery and Maturation: It can take around 4- 6 weeks for a fistula to mature and be strong enough to be used for dialysis. During this time, patients should also protect the fistula from injury and refrain from heavy lifting.
Who Performs AV Fistula Surgery?
Typically, blood vessels, arteries and veins are handled by a vascular surgeon — the type of specialist trained to perform AV fistula surgery. These are the surgeons that are specialized for vascular access surgeons for the dialysis patient.
AV fistula surgery may be done by general surgeons trained in vascular surgery. Always seek specialized care for optimal results.
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Book an AppointmentAV Fistula Complications
The risks of getting an AV fistula placement for dialysis, of course, are there, but like any medical procedure, AV fistula is generally very safe with some complications. Here are some common issues:
Infection
- Bacteria may get into the fistula site and cause redness, swelling or fever.
- Good hygiene and care help minimize this risk.
Clotting (Thrombosis)
- A fistula can become obstructed by thrombosis or blood clots.
- Routine monitoring enables early diagnosis and treatment.
Steal Syndrome
- Poor blood flow to the hand may also lead to pain or numbness, even cold fingers.
- Severe cases require immediate medical attention.
Aneurysm Formation
- Over the weeks or months, the vein can weaken and bulge, forming an aneurysm.
- Regular check-ups can prevent this from becoming severe.
Poor Maturation
- The fistula may not grow correctly, making it unviable for dialysis.
- A surgeon might need to make a new fistula.
Swelling or Bruising
- Mild swelling or bruising is normal following surgery and typically clears without intervention.
Narrowing (Stenosis)
- The fistula can narrow, limiting blood flow and making dialysis a challenge.
- The problem may need to be repaired with angioplasty or surgery.
Managing Complications
Most complications can be managed and prevented with regular monitoring, good hygiene and prompt medical treatment. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions on caring for your fistula.
Recovery After AV Fistula Surgery
Recovery after an AV fistula surgery usually takes a few weeks. Here’s what to expect:
- Healing Time: The fistula takes 4-6 weeks to mature and become ready for dialysis. In some cases, it may take longer.
- Pain and Swelling: Mild pain or swelling is common after surgery and should subside in a few days. Use prescribed pain relievers if needed.
- Avoid Heavy Lifting: Avoid heavy lifting and placing pressure on the arm where the fistula is located to ensure optimal healing.
- Exercise for Maturation: Gentle movements such as squeezing a soft ball will enhance blood flow and help the fistula grow more quickly.
- Monitor for Complications: Check for signs of infection, such as redness, swelling, or fever, and report them to your doctor very away.
- Follow-up Appointments: Regular follow-ups with your healthcare physician will ensure that the fistula heals and functions properly.
- Daily care: Daily care includes keeping the region clean and avoiding scratching or hurting the fistula site.
