What is Preeclampsia?

Types of Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia can vary in severity and onset, leading to different classifications:

Mild Preeclampsia

Mild preeclampsia involves elevated blood pressure and mild organ involvement, often manageable with close monitoring and medical care. Symptoms may include slight swelling and mild headaches.

Severe Preeclampsia

Severe preeclampsia is marked by high blood pressure and significant organ dysfunction, such as severe proteinuria and impaired kidneys or liver. It requires immediate medical attention and may lead to complications like seizures.

Early-Onset Preeclampsia

Early-onset preeclampsia occurs before 34 weeks of pregnancy and is typically more severe, posing risks for both mother and baby. It often requires hospitalization and may lead to preterm delivery.

Late-Onset Preeclampsia

Late-onset preeclampsia develops after 34 weeks and is generally milder. It still requires monitoring but is less likely to lead to severe complications compared to early-onset preeclampsia.

Eclampsia

Eclampsia is a serious complication of preeclampsia characterized by seizures. It demands immediate medical treatment to manage seizures and may necessitate early delivery to protect both mother and baby.

Symptoms of Preeclampsia

Symptoms of preeclampsia can vary in intensity but commonly include:

• High Blood Pressure: Persistent readings above 140/90 mm Hg.
• Swelling: Particularly in the hands and face, often accompanied by sudden weight gain.
• Proteinuria: Excessive protein in urine, indicating kidney damage.
• Severe Headache: Unrelenting headache not relieved by usual remedies.
• Visual Disturbances: Blurred vision, sensitivity to light, or temporary vision loss.
• Upper Abdominal Pain: Especially under the ribs on the right side, signaling possible liver involvement.
• Nausea or Vomiting: Persistent and unrelated to other factors.

Causes of Preeclampsia

The exact cause of preeclampsia is not fully understood but is believed to involve various factors:

• Placental Development Issues: Blood vessel problems affecting nutrient and oxygen supply.
• Blood Vessel Abnormalities: Issues with vessel lining affecting flexibility.
• Immune System Response: Abnormal immune reactions potentially damaging blood vessels.
• Genetic Factors: Family history contributing to increased risk.
• Other Factors: First pregnancy, age extremes (under 20 or over 40), and certain medical conditions.

Diagnosing Preeclampsia

Diagnosis involves thorough medical history, physical examination, and specific tests:

• Blood Pressure Monitoring
• Urine Tests for Proteinuria
• Blood Tests for Organ Function
• Ultrasound for Fetal Assessment
• Doppler Flow Studies for Blood Flow Evaluation
• Non-Stress Tests for Fetal Heart Rate

Preeclampsia Risk Factors & Complications

Risk Factors

• Factors that increase the likelihood of developing preeclampsia include:
• First pregnancy
• Multiple pregnancies (e.g., twins)
• Family history
• Age extremes
• Pre-existing conditions like chronic hypertension, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders

Complications

• Preeclampsia can lead to serious complications such as:
• Eclampsia (seizures)
• HELLP syndrome (liver and blood clotting issues)
• Placental abruption
• Intrauterine growth restriction
• Preterm birth
• Organ damage

Treatment of Preeclampsia

Treatment depends on the severity and stage of pregnancy:

• Delivery: Timing based on gestational age and severity.
• Medications: To manage blood pressure and prevent seizures.
• Hospitalization: For close monitoring and management.
• Steroid Injections: To aid fetal lung development if early delivery is necessary.
• Bed Rest and Home Monitoring: For less severe cases.

Preeclampsia Dos and Don'ts